Every computer needs an operating system, and networks require their own operating systems. Learn about the specialized functions of network operating systems.
Network OS
Every computing device needs an operating system, or OS, to function, and so does a computer network. A network operating system, or network OS, is system software that controls the various devices on a computer network and how they communicate with each other.
Some of the tasks of a network OS are similar to those of an OS for individual computers, such as memory management and hardware control. However, a network OS also has specialized tasks. For example, when network devices are used, such as printers and disk drives, the network OS ensures these resources are used correctly and efficiently. Specialized functions also include network security and network administration. Multiple users need to access the network at the same time, and this needs to be managed carefully.
Some operating systems used for individual computers have built-in network functions, but operating systems specifically designed for this task are more common. Network OS software includes Linux, Mac OS X Server, Novell and Windows Server.
Network Servers
In relatively simple networks, one of the regular computers in the network can be used to run the network OS. In more complicated networks, in particular those with a large number of devices spread out over different physical locations, the network OS resides on a computer server. A server is a computer system that provides services over a network. These services can include things like data storage, file sharing, email management, hosting websites and the like.
While in principle a regular desktop computer can be configured for use as a server, most servers consist of dedicated machines with more powerful and specialized hardware components. Multiple servers are often configured in some type of rack, which makes it easier to manage all the hardware, cables and power supplies. Servers often consume a lot of power and as a result, they are often located in separately cooled environments. These server rooms have the additional benefit that they provide additional security.
Managing Networks
Running a network with many users is typically performed by a specialized network administrator. A network OS includes sophisticated tools for network management. For example, a network administrator can monitor the performance of various parts of the network and try to address problems before they can have a serious impact.
Network management can also be used to update software on the individual computers on the network. Rather than having to visit each individual computer for a manual installation, changes can be made directly over the network. This not only allows for automated software updates and installation, but it can also help with maintaining compliance with software licensing.
One of the challenges for a network operating system is that today's computer networks include devices with many different personal operating systems. Consider an office where most employees are expected to use a Windows-based desktop PC, but a number of employees insisted on using Macs? Can they be on the same network?
They certainly can. In modern networks, multi-platform is the norm. A few different versions of Windows-based PCs, a few Macs, some tablets and smartphones running iOS and Android - they all have to work together seamlessly. Fortunately, today's NOS is designed for this. So, you can run a computer server on Windows Server, but this does not mean you can only use Windows personal OS on networked devices.
Network Security
One of the critical tasks of network management is security. Network security refers to preventing unauthorized access and misuse of the network and its resources. Computer networks face a number of security threats. Many of these threats are common to all computer systems, but computer networks are particularly vulnerable since many of them are used by a large number of users.
One of the basic threats is data loss, which means that some files can no longer be retrieved. This could be the result of physical damage to the storage disks, human error or hardware failures. Every network is to some degree vulnerable, so a common strategy employed by network administrators is to include automatic backup procedures as part of network management.
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